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Topic · Climate finance
Climate and development finance
Who pays for the energy transition and for adapting to a changing climate is the hardest question at COP and the G20. We follow the money: public, private and multilateral.
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Why it matters
At COP29 in Baku, countries agreed a new collective climate finance goal for developing economies, with a larger ambition for total flows from all sources. Turning that into real investment depends on multilateral development bank reform, private capital and the terms on which developing countries can borrow.
The G20 finance track, the COP process and the B20 all feed this debate. For investors and companies, the practical issues are blended-finance structures, transition plans, carbon markets and the pipeline of bankable projects in emerging markets.
On the summit agenda
The new finance goal
How the COP29 commitment is delivered and tracked on the road to COP31 in Antalya.
Development bank reform
Making the World Bank and regional banks lend more and take more risk.
Mobilizing private capital
Guarantees, blended finance and reducing currency and country risk.
Carbon markets
Rules for international credit trading and corporate use of credits.
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